Atlas of Human Anatomy: Including Student Consult... (PDF) (2024)

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BONUS PLATESBP1 Degenerative Changes in the Cervical VertebraeBP2 Atlanto-occipital JunctionBP3 Muscles of Facial Expression: Anterior ViewBP4 Subclavian ArteryBP5 Sympathetic Nervous System: General TopographyBP6 Parasympathetic Nervous System: General TopographyBP7 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Synapses: SchemaBP8 Spinal Cord Cross Sections: Fiber TractsBP9 Cervical Ribs and Related AnomaliesBP10 Muscles of RespirationBP11 Pulmonary Arteries and VeinsBP12 Coronary Arteries and Cardiac Veins: VariationsBP13 Arteries of Esophagus: VariationsBP14 Intrinsic Nerves and Variations in Nerves of EsophagusBP15 Lumbar Vertebrae: RadiographsBP16 Thorax: Tracheal Bifurcation, Left Atrium (Coronal Section: Midaxillary Line)BP17 Inguinal and Femoral RegionsBP18 Indirect Inguinal HerniaBP19 Variations in Position and Contour of Stomach in Relation to Body HabitusBP20 Some Variation in Posterior Peritoneal Attachment of CecumBP21 Sigmoid Colon: Variations in PositionBP22 Topography of LiverBP23 Variations in Form of LiverBP24 Liver Segments and Lobes: Vessel and Duct DistributionBP25 Variations in Cystic, Hepatic, and Pancreatic DuctsBP26 Variations in Pancreatic DuctBP27 Variations in Hepatic ArteriesBP28 Variations in Cystic ArteriesBP29 Variations in Celiac TrunkBP30 Variations in Colic Arteries – Part IBP31 Variations in Colic Arteries – Part IIBP32 Variations and Anomalies of Hepatic Portal VeinBP33 Lymph Vessels and Nodes of LiverBP34 Variations in Renal Artery and VeinBP35 Abdomen Cross Section: Illeocecal JunctionBP36 Abdomen Cross Section: Sacral PromontoryBP37 Female UrethraBP38 Ligaments of WristBP39 Ovary, Ova, and FolliclesBP40 Variations in HymenBP41 Nephron and Collecting Tubule: SchemaBP42 Blood Vessels in Parenchyma of Kidney: SchemaBP43 Schematic Cross Section of Abdomen at Middle T12BP44 Vertebral Veins: Detail Showing Venous CommunicationsBP45 Vertebral LigamentsBP46 Tympanic CavityBP47 Cross Section through ProstateBP48 Muscle Attachments of RibsBP49 Coronary Arteries: Right Anterior Oblique ViewsBP50 Male and Female CystourethrogramsBP51 Layers of Duodenal WallBP52 Arteries of Upper LimbBP53 Arteries of Lower LimbBP54 Leg: Serial Cross SectionsBonus Plates

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Atlas ofHumanAnatomySixth EditionFrank H. Netter, MD

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1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.Ste. 1800Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY Standard Edition: 978-1-4557-0418-7SIXTH EDITION International Edition: 978-0-8089-2451-7Professional Edition: 978-1-4557-5888-3Copyright © 2014 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any formor by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or anyinformation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissionspolicies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Centerand the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright bythe Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).Permission for Netter Art fgures may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health ScienceLicensing Department in Philadelphia, PA: phone 1-800-523-1649, ext. 3276, or (215) 239-3276;or email [emailprotected]NoticesKnowledge and best practice in this feld are constantly changing. As new research andexperience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professionalpractices, or medical treatment may become necessary.Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledgein evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments describedherein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safetyand the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professionalresponsibility.With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identifed, readers are advised tocheck the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by themanufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose orformula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is theresponsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of theirpatients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for eachindividual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, oreditors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as amatter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of anymethods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2006, 2003, 1997, 1989Senior Content Strategist: Elyse O’GradySenior Content Development Specialist: Marybeth ThielPublishing Services Manager: Patricia TannianSenior Project Manager: John CaseySenior Design Manager: Lou ForgioneIllustration Buyer: Karen GiacomucciPrinted in the United States of AmericaLast digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Consulting EditorsJohn T. Hansen, Ph.D.Lead EditorAssociate Dean for AdmissionsProfessor of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, New YorkBrion Benninger, MD, MSProfessor, Chair Medical Anatomical Sciences, Family Medicine,and Neuromuscular Medicine College of Dental Medicine,Western University of Health Sciences Lebanon, Oregon;Orthopaedic and General Surgery Residency ProgramSamaritan Hospital Corvallis, Oregon;Surgery, Orthopedics & Rehabilitation,and Oral Maxillofacial SurgeryOregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OregonJennifer Brueckner-Collins, PhDProfessor and Vice Chair of Educational ProgramsAnatomical Sciences and NeurobiologyUniversity of Louisville School of MedicineLouisville, KentuckyTodd M. Hoagland, PhDAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and AnatomyMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WisconsinR. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C, PhDPediatric NeurosurgeryChildren’s Hospital of AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaProfessor of AnatomyDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, St. George’s University,Grenada Centre of Anatomy and Human Identifcation,Dundee University, United Kingdom

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Contributing Medical IllustratorCarlos A. G. Machado, MD

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Editors of Previous EditionsFirst Edition Fourth Edition Fifth EditionSharon Colacino, PhD John T. Hansen, PhD John T. Hansen, PhDJennifer K. Brueckner, PhD Brion Benninger, MD, MSSecond Edition Stephen W. Carmichael, PhD, Jennifer K. Brueckner, PhDArthur F. Dalley II, PhD DSc Stephen W. Carmichael, PhD,Thomas R. Gest, PhD DScThird Edition Noelle A. Granger, PhD Noelle A. Granger, PhDJohn T. Hansen, PhD Anil H. Waljii, MD, PhD R. Shane Tubbs, MS, PA-C,PhD

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International Advisory BoardSadakazu Aiso, MD, PhD Victor J. Götzens, PhD Thazhumpal C. Mathew, MSc,Professor Professor of Human Anatomy and PhD, FRCPathDepartment of Anatomy Embryology ProfessorKeio University School of Medicine Department of Pathology and Vice Dean for Research Training andTokyo, Japan Experimental Therapeutics ConsultationFaculty of Medicine Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,Nihal Apaydin, MD University of Barcelona Health Sciences CentreAssociate Professor Barcelona, Spain Kuwait UniversityDepartment of Anatomy Kuwait City, KuwaitAnkara University Faculty of Medicine Sung-Tsang Hsieh, MD, PhDAnkara, Turkey Departments of Anatomy and Cell Janusz Morys´, MD, PhDBiology and Neurology ProfessorCol. Rajan Bhatnagar, MD Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences Department of Anatomy andArmed Forces Medical College National Taiwan University NeurobiologyWanowrie, Pune, India Taipei, Taiwan Medical University of GdanskGdansk, PolandLucio Cocco, MD Tang Jun Min, MDProfessor and Head Professor Eduardo Cotecchia Ribeiro,Cellular Signaling Laboratory Department of Anatomy, Histology, MS, PhDDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Embryology Associate Professor of Descriptive andUniversity of Bologna Peking University Health Science Topographic AnatomyBologna, Italy Center Department of Morphology andBeijing, China GeneticsYu Enhua, MD, PhD Federal University of Sao PauloProfessor Rachel Koshi, MBBS, MS, PhD School of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy, Histology, Professor of Anatomy in Cell and Sao Paulo, Braziland Embryology Developmental BiologyPeking University Health Science Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Jean-Pierre Richer, MD, PhDCenter Doha, Qatar Professeur d’AnatomieBeijing, China Chirurgien des HôpitauxMarios Loukas, MD, PhD Université de PoitiersQuentin A. Fogg, PhD Professor and Chair Poitiers, FranceWilliam Hunter Senior Lecturer in Department of Anatomical SciencesAnatomy Dean of Research, School of Medicine Andreas H. Weiglein, MDSchool of Life Sciences St. George’s University ProfessorUniversity of Glasgow Grenada, West Indies Vice Chair, Institute of AnatomyGlasgow, UK Medical University of GrazLucia Manzoli, MD Graz, AustriaProfessor, Department of AnatomicalSciencesUniversity of BolognaBologna, Italy

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Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy – Celebrating 25 Years“Anatomy, of course, does not change, but our understand- and perspectives that elucidate complex anatomic relation-ing of anatomy and its clinical signifcance does.” ships. This edition also includes the illustrations from older– Frank H. Netter, MD editions of the Atlas, like Dr. Netter’s depictions of commonanatomic variations (in electronic editions and print+electronicthWhether you’re using this 6 edition of Atlas of Human packages) as bonus plates to help provide more comprehen-Anatomy in print, as an e-Book, online, or in the Netter’s sive coverage that dissection lab hours may not allow. For theAnatomy Atlas for iPad app—Dr. Netter’s paintings of the frst time, the Atlas incorporates muscle tables as quickintricacies of the human form remain as relevant today as look-up appendices at the end of each section for the conve-that frst launch. The publication of the 6 edition marks the nience of the clinician, student, or educator with little time.silver anniversary of the frst release of Frank H. Netter’s StudentConsult.com and NetterReference.com electronicAtlas of Human Anatomy—when its vibrant colors and resources include some 3D models extracted from Netter’sunique clinical perspective made it a must-have companion 3D Interactive Anatomy, dissection video selections from Net-in anatomy classes, dissection labs, and clinical professional ter’s Online Dissection Modules by UNC at Chapel Hill, andoffces worldwide—solidifying his legacy to so many as one other supporting resources. In addition, all text throughoutof the world’s most infuential medical educators. the Atlas has been meticulously updated to be in line with theAnatomy remains a cornerstone of healthcare educa- most recent version of Terminologia Anatomica by thetion. It is often one of the frst topics taught in medical or Federal International Program for Anatomical Terminologyhealthcare curricula. Anatomy is also central to so much in (FIPAT) of the International Federation of Associations ofclinical practice, from physical examination and radiologic Anatomists (IFAA).imaging to surgery and physical rehabilitation. However, The unique visual perspective of Frank H. Netter ischanges in anatomy education and its clinical application unsurpassed. Dr. Netter brought the hand of a master medicalover these past 25 years have been signifcant. Medical and illustrator, the brain of a physician, and the soul of an artistthhealthcare curricula increasingly integrate anatomy through- to his depictions of the human body. This 25 anniversaryout and dedicated gross-anatomy hours have decreased. edition celebrates the lasting impact of his work that contin-Some programs have discontinued full-body dissection. ues to teach and inspire.Advances in imaging technology have provided increasingly We want to hear from you—about the historyclearer views of living anatomy, and 3D models of anatomy and future of anatomy education and medicine and thecontinue to evolve. Likewise, the Atlas has evolved. Thanks Netter legacy and invite you to share your thoughts, inspira-to the tremendous guidance of leading clinical anatomists tions, memories, tributes, and feedback with us throughand expert anatomy educators, as well as the contributions email: [emailprotected] and on Facebook:thof talented medical illustrators, the 6 edition features newly www.facebook.com/NetterImagescreated illustrations and modern radiologic images thatprovide students with views of current clinical signifcance

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Frank H. Netter, MDPhotograph by James L. Clayton